The bamboo-based composites can significantly contribute to the efficiency and utilization of bamboo. In this work, the chemical components, volume fraction of bamboo tissues, characteristics of single fiber, structure and mechanical properties of ci bamboo and moso bamboo were used to evaluate the suitability for manufacturing bamboo-based composites, and then the bamboo-based fiber composites (BFC) were prepared via cold pressing and thermal cure process. The results indicated that, ci bamboo displays higher alpha-cellulose content and volume fraction of fiber compared to moso bamboo, and its fibers enjoy higher slenderness ratio and equal tensile strength and Young’s modulus to moso bamboo. The mechanical properties of ci bamboo BFC showed more excellent than that of moso bamboo BFC. This study shows that ci bamboo is more suitable for BFC than moso bamboo.